史記 : 列傳 : 廉頗藺相如列傳 - 中國哲學書電子化計劃

廉颇者,赵之良将也。赵惠文王十六年,廉颇为赵将伐齐,大破之,取阳晋,拜为上卿,以勇气闻于诸侯。蔺相如者,赵人也,为赵宦者令缪贤舍人。

赵惠文王时,得楚和氏璧。秦昭王闻之,使人遗赵王书,愿以十五城请易璧。赵王与大将军廉颇诸大臣谋:欲予秦,秦城恐不可得,徒见欺;欲勿予,即患秦兵之来。计未定,求人可使报秦者,未得。宦者令缪贤曰:「臣舍人蔺相如可使。」王问:「何以知之?」对曰:「臣尝有罪,窃计欲亡走燕,臣舍人相如止臣,曰:『君何以知燕王?』臣语曰:『臣尝从大王与燕王会境上,燕王私握臣手,曰「愿结友」。以此知之,故欲往。』相如谓臣曰:『夫赵彊而燕弱,而君幸于赵王,故燕王欲结于君。今君乃亡赵走燕,燕畏赵,其势必不敢留君,而束君归赵矣。君不如肉袒伏斧质请罪,则幸得脱矣。』臣从其计,大王亦幸赦臣。臣窃以为其人勇士,有智谋,宜可使。」于是王召见,问蔺相如曰:「秦王以十五城请易寡人之璧,可予不?」相如曰:「秦彊而赵弱,不可不许。」王曰:「取吾璧,不予我城,奈何?」相如曰:「秦以城求璧而赵不许,曲在赵。赵予璧而秦不予赵城,曲在秦。均之二策,宁许以负秦曲。」王曰:「谁可使者?」相如曰:「王必无人,臣愿奉璧往使。城入赵而璧留秦;城不入,臣请完璧归赵。」赵王于是遂遣相如奉璧西入秦。

秦王坐章台见相如,相如奉璧奏秦王。秦王大喜,传以示美人及左右,左右皆呼万岁。相如视秦王无意偿赵城,乃前曰:「璧有瑕,请指示王。」王授璧,相如因持璧却立,倚柱,怒发上冲冠,谓秦王曰:「大王欲得璧,使人发书至赵王,赵王悉召群臣议,皆曰『秦贪,负其彊,以空言求璧,偿城恐不可得』。议不欲予秦璧。臣以为布衣之交尚不相欺,况大国乎!且以一璧之故逆彊秦之驩,不可。于是赵王乃斋戒五日,使臣奉璧,拜送书于庭。何者?严大国之威以修敬也。今臣至,大王见臣列观,礼节甚倨;得璧,传之美人,以戏弄臣。臣观大王无意偿赵王城邑,故臣复取璧。大王必欲急臣,臣头今与璧俱碎于柱矣!」相如持其璧睨柱,欲以击柱。秦王恐其破璧,乃辞谢固请,召有司案图,指从此以徃十五都予赵。相如度秦王特以诈佯为予赵城,实不可得,乃谓秦王曰:「和氏璧,天下所共传宝也,赵王恐,不敢不献。赵王送璧时,斋戒五日,今大王亦宜斋戒五日,设九賔于廷,臣乃敢上璧。」秦王度之,终不可彊夺,遂许斋五日,舍相如广成传舍。相如度秦王虽斋,决负约不偿城,乃使其从者衣褐,怀其璧,从径道亡,归璧于赵。

秦王斋五日后,乃设九賔礼于廷,引赵使者蔺相如。相如至,谓秦王曰:「秦自缪公以来二十余君,未尝有坚明约束者也。臣诚恐见欺于王而负赵,故令人持璧归,间至赵矣。且秦彊而赵弱,大王遣一介之使至赵,赵立奉璧来。今以秦之彊而先割十五都予赵,赵岂敢留璧而得罪于大王乎?臣知欺大王之罪当诛,臣请就汤镬,唯大王与群臣熟计议之。」秦王与群臣相视而嘻。左右或欲引相如去,秦王因曰:「今杀相如,终不能得璧也,而绝秦赵之驩,不如因而厚遇之,使归赵,赵王岂以一璧之故欺秦邪!」卒廷见相如,毕礼而归之。

相如既归,赵王以为贤大夫使不辱于诸侯,拜相如为上大夫。秦亦不以城予赵,赵亦终不予秦璧。

其后秦伐赵,拔石城。明年,复攻赵,杀二万人。

秦王使使者告赵王,欲与王为好会于西河外渑池。赵王畏秦,欲毋行。廉颇、蔺相如计曰:「王不行,示赵弱且怯也。」赵王遂行,相如从。廉颇送至境,与王诀曰:「王行,度道里会遇之礼毕,还,不过三十日。三十日不还,则请立太子为王。以绝秦望。」王许之,遂与秦王会渑池。秦王饮酒酣,曰:「寡人窃闻赵王好音,请奏瑟。」赵王鼔瑟。秦御史前书曰「某年月日,秦王与赵王会饮,令赵王鼔瑟」。蔺相如前曰:「赵王窃闻秦王善为秦声,请奉盆缻秦王,以相娱乐。」秦王怒,不许。于是相如前进缻,因跪请秦王。秦王不肯击缻。相如曰:「五步之内,相如请得以颈血溅大王矣!」左右欲刃相如,相如张目叱之,左右皆靡。于是秦王不怿,为一击缻。相如顾召赵御史书曰「某年月日,秦王为赵王击缻」。秦之群臣曰:「请以赵十五城为秦王寿」。蔺相如亦曰:「请以秦之咸阳为赵王寿。」秦王竟酒,终不能加胜于赵。赵亦盛设兵以待秦,秦不敢动。

既罢归国,以相如功大,拜为上卿,位在廉颇之右。廉颇曰:「我为赵将,有攻城野战之大功,而蔺相如徒以口舌为劳,而位居我上,且相如素贱人,吾羞,不忍为之下。」宣言曰:「我见相如,必辱之。」相如闻,不肯与会。相如每朝时,常称病,不欲与廉颇争列。已而相如出,望见廉颇,相如引车避匿。于是舍人相与谏曰:「臣所以去亲戚而事君者,徒慕君之高义也。今君与廉颇同列,廉君宣恶言而君畏匿之,恐惧殊甚,且庸人尚羞之,况于将相乎!臣等不肖,请辞去。」蔺相如固止之,曰:「公之视廉将军孰与秦王?」曰:「不若也。」相如曰:「夫以秦王之威,而相如廷叱之,辱其群臣,相如虽驽,独畏廉将军哉?顾吾念之,彊秦之所以不敢加兵于赵者,徒以吾两人在也。今两虎共鬬,其势不俱生。吾所以为此者,以先国家之急而后私雠也。」廉颇闻之,肉袒负荆,因賔客至蔺相如门谢罪。曰:「鄙贱之人,不知将军宽之至此也。」卒相与驩,为刎颈之交。

是岁,廉颇东攻齐,破其一军。居二年,廉颇复伐齐几,拔之。后三年,廉颇攻魏之防陵、安阳,拔之。后四年,蔺相如将而攻齐,至平邑而罢。其明年,赵奢破秦军阏与下。

赵奢者,赵之田部吏也。收租税而平原君家不肯出,赵奢以法治之,杀平原君用事者九人。平原君怒,将杀奢。奢因说曰:「君于赵为贵公子,今纵君家而不奉公则法削,法削则国弱,国弱则诸侯加兵,诸侯加兵是无赵也,君安得有此富乎?以君之贵,奉公如法则上下平,上下平则国彊,国彊则赵固,而君为贵戚,岂轻于天下邪?」平原君以为贤,言之于王。王用之治国赋,国赋大平,民富而府库实。

秦伐韩,军于阏与。王召廉颇而问曰:「可救不?」对曰:「道远险狭,难救。」又召乐乘而问焉,乐乘对如廉颇言。又召问赵奢,奢对曰:「其道远险狭,譬之犹两鼠鬬于穴中,将勇者胜。」王乃令赵奢将,救之。

兵去邯郸三十里,而令军中曰:「有以军事谏者死。」秦军军武安西,秦军鼔噪勒兵,武安屋瓦尽振。军中候有一人言急救武安,赵奢立斩之。坚壁,留二十八日不行,复益增垒。秦间来入,赵奢善食而遣之。间以报秦将,秦将大喜曰:「夫去国三十里而军不行,乃增垒,阏与非赵地也。」赵奢既已遣秦间,乃卷甲而趋之,二日一夜至,令善射者去阏与五十里而军。军垒成,秦人闻之,悉甲而至。军士许历请以军事谏,赵奢曰:「内之。」许历曰:「秦人不意赵师至此,其来气盛,将军必厚集其阵以待之。不然,必败。」赵奢曰:「请受令。」许历曰:「请就𫓧质之诛。」赵奢曰:「胥后令邯郸。」许历复请谏,曰:「先据北山上者胜,后至者败。」赵奢许诺,即发万人趋之。秦兵后至,争山不得上,赵奢纵兵击之,大破秦军。秦军解而走,遂解阏与之围而归。

赵惠文王赐奢号为马服君,以许历为国尉。赵奢于是与廉颇、蔺相如同位。

后四年,赵惠文王卒,子孝成王立。七年,秦与赵兵相距长平,时赵奢已死,而蔺相如病笃,赵使廉颇将攻秦,秦数败赵军,赵军固壁不战。秦数挑战,廉颇不肯。赵王信秦之间。秦之间言曰:「秦之所恶,独畏马服君赵奢之子赵括为将耳。」赵王因以括为将,代廉颇。蔺相如曰:「王以名使括,若胶柱而鼔瑟耳。括徒能读其父书传,不知合变也。」赵王不听,遂将之。

赵括自少时学兵法,言兵事,以天下莫能当。尝与其父奢言兵事,奢不能难,然不谓善。括母问奢其故,奢曰:「兵,死地也,而括易言之。使赵不将括即已,若必将之,破赵军者必括也。」及括将行,其母上书言于王曰:「括不可使将。」王曰:「何以?」对曰:「始妾事其父,时为将,身所奉饭饮而进食者以十数,所友者以百数,大王及宗室所赏赐者尽以予军吏士大夫,受命之日,不问家事。今括一旦为将,东向而朝,军吏无敢仰视之者,王所赐金帛,归藏于家,而日视便利田宅可买者买之。王以为何如其父?父子异心,愿王勿遣。」王曰:「母置之,吾已决矣。」括母因曰:「王终遣之,即有如不称,妾得无随坐乎?」王许诺。

赵括既代廉颇,悉更约束,易置军吏。秦将白起闻之,纵奇兵,佯败走,而绝其粮道,分断其军为二,士卒离心。四十余日,军饿,赵括出锐卒自博战,秦军射杀赵括。括军败,数十万之众遂降秦,秦悉阬之。赵前后所亡凡四十五万。明年,秦兵遂围邯郸,岁余,几不得脱。赖楚、魏诸侯来救,乃得解邯郸之围。赵王亦以括母先言,竟不诛也。

自邯郸围解五年,而燕用栗腹之谋,曰「赵壮者尽于长平,其孤未壮」,举兵击赵。赵使廉颇将,击,大破燕军于鄗,杀栗腹,遂围燕。燕割五城请和,乃听之。赵以尉文封廉颇为信平君,为假相国。

廉颇之免长平归也,失势之时,故客尽去。及复用为将,客又复至。廉颇曰:「客退矣!」客曰:「吁!君何见之晚也?夫天下以市道交,君有势,我则从君,君无势则去,此固其理也,有何怨乎?」居六年,赵使廉颇伐魏之繁阳,拔之。

赵孝成王卒,子悼襄王立,使乐乘代廉颇。廉颇怒,攻乐乘,乐乘走。廉颇遂奔魏之大梁。其明年,赵乃以李牧为将而攻燕,拔武遂、方城。

廉颇居梁久之,魏不能信用。赵以数困于秦兵,赵王思复得廉颇,廉颇亦思复用于赵。赵王使使者视廉颇尚可用否。廉颇之仇郭开多与使者金,令毁之。赵使者既见廉颇,廉颇为之一饭斗米,肉十斤,被甲上马,以示尚可用。赵使还报王曰:「廉将军虽老,尚善饭,然与臣坐,顷之三遗矢矣。」赵王以为老,遂不召。

楚闻廉颇在魏,阴使人迎之。廉颇一为楚将,无功,曰:「我思用赵人。」廉颇卒死于寿春。

李牧者,赵之北边良将也。常居代鴈门,备匈奴。以便宜置吏,市租皆输入莫府,为士卒费。日击数牛飨士,习射骑,谨烽火,多间谍,厚遇战士。为约曰:「匈奴即入盗,急入收保,有敢捕虏者斩。」匈奴每入,烽火谨,辄入收保,不敢战。如是数岁,亦不亡失。然匈奴以李牧为怯,虽赵边兵亦以为吾将怯。赵王让李牧,李牧如故。赵王怒,召之,使他人代将。

岁余,匈奴每来,出战。出战,数不利,失亡多,边不得田畜。复请李牧。牧杜门不出,固称疾。赵王乃复彊起使将兵。牧曰:「王必用臣,臣如前,乃敢奉令。」王许之。

李牧至,如故约。匈奴数岁无所得。终以为怯。边士日得赏赐而不用,皆愿一战。于是乃具选车得千三百乘,选骑得万三千匹,百金之士五万人,彀者十万人,悉勒习战。大纵畜牧,人民满野。匈奴小入,佯北不胜,以数千人委之。单于闻之,大率众来入。李牧多为奇陈,张左右翼击之,大破杀匈奴十余万骑。灭襜褴,破东胡,降林胡,单于奔走。其后十余岁,匈奴不敢近赵边城。

赵悼襄王元年,廉颇既亡入魏,赵使李牧攻燕,拔武遂、方城。居二年,庞煖破燕军,杀剧辛。后七年,秦破杀赵将扈辄于武遂城,斩首十万。赵乃以李牧为大将军,击秦军于宜安,大破秦军,走秦将桓齮。封李牧为武安君。居三年,秦攻番吾,李牧击破秦军,南距韩、魏。

赵王迁七年,秦使王翦攻赵,赵使李牧、司马尚御之。秦多与赵王宠臣郭开金,为反闲,言李牧、司马尚欲反。赵王乃使赵葱及齐将颜聚代李牧。李牧不受命,赵使人微捕得李牧,斩之。废司马尚。后三月,王翦因急击赵,大破杀赵葱,虏赵王迁及其将颜聚,遂灭赵。

太史公曰:知死必勇,非死者难也,处死者难。方蔺相如引璧睨柱,及叱秦王左右,势不过诛,然士或怯懦而不敢发。相如一奋其气,威信敌国,退而让颇,名重太山,其处智勇,可谓兼之矣!

Last edited by @suen 2025-01-21T05:11:34Z

蔺相如
作者:王世贞

本作品收录于《弇州四部稿 (四库全书本)/卷110

蔺相如之完璧,人人皆称之,予未敢以为信也。夫秦以十五城之空名而诈赵,而胁其璧,是时言取璧者,情也,非欲以窥赵也。赵得其情则弗予,不得其情则予;得其情而畏之则予,得其情而弗畏之则弗予:此两言决耳,奈之何既畏而复挑其怒也?且夫秦欲璧,赵弗予璧,两无所曲直也。入璧而秦弗予城,曲在秦;秦出城而璧归,曲在赵。欲使曲在秦,则莫如弃璧;畏弃璧,则莫如弗予。

夫秦王既按图以予城,又设九宾,斋而受璧,其势不得不予城。璧入而城弗予,相如则前请曰:“臣固知大王之弗予城也。夫璧,非赵宝也;而十五城,秦宝也。今使大王以璧故而亡其十五城;十五城之子弟,皆厚怨大王以弃我如草芥也。大王弗予城而绐赵璧;以一璧故而失信于天下,臣请就死于国,以明大王之失信。”秦王未必不返璧也。今奈何使舍人怀而逃之,而归直于秦?是时秦意未欲与赵绝耳;令秦王怒而僇相如于巿,武安君十万众压邯郸,而责璧与信;一胜而相如族,再胜而璧终入秦矣!吾故曰:“蔺相如之获全于璧也,天也。”若其劲渑池,柔廉颇,则愈出而愈妙于用。所以能完赵者,天固曲全之哉!

@Creative 閱讀完璧歸趙全文後,基於史實鑑賞王世貞史論。

My thinking process to analyze Wang Shizhen’s commentary on “Returning the Jade Intact” goes like this:

  1. Understand the Core Request: The user wants an appreciation of Wang Shizhen’s historical analysis after reading the full original text of “Returning the Jade Intact.” This means focusing on Wang’s specific arguments and how they relate to the events described.

  2. Identify Wang Shizhen’s Main Arguments: I need to carefully read Wang’s commentary and extract his key points of contention and analysis. I see several distinct arguments:

    • Skepticism of Universal Praise: He begins by questioning the universal praise of Lin Xiangru, indicating a contrarian perspective.
    • Qin’s Initial Intent: He believes Qin’s primary motivation wasn’t territorial expansion initially, but rather to obtain the jade.
    • Simplicity of the Initial Decision: Wang argues the initial decision to give or not give the jade should have been straightforward based on whether Zhao trusted Qin.
    • Criticism of Provoking Qin: He criticizes Lin Xiangru’s confrontational stance after presenting the jade, believing it unnecessarily angered Qin.
    • Alternative Scenario and Missed Opportunity: He suggests Lin Xiangru should have used the formal ceremony of receiving the jade to pressure Qin into fulfilling their promise of giving the cities. He believes this would have been a more effective strategy.
    • Riskiness of the Escape: Wang views the escape with the jade as a gamble, arguing it could have backfired disastrously, leading to Lin Xiangru’s execution and potentially war.
    • Divine Providence: He attributes Lin Xiangru’s success in retrieving the jade to luck or divine intervention (“天也”).
    • Praise for Later Actions: He acknowledges Lin Xiangru’s skill and diplomacy in the Mianchi meeting and his reconciliation with Lian Po.
    • Overall Assessment: He concludes by stating Lin Xiangru’s ability to protect Zhao was ultimately due to “天固曲全之哉!” (Heaven indeed protected him in its own way).
  3. Connect Wang’s Arguments to the Historical Text: For each of Wang’s arguments, I need to relate it back to specific events and details in the “Returning the Jade Intact” narrative. For example:

    • Wang’s point about Qin’s initial intent can be linked to the text mentioning Qin’s offer of 15 cities.
    • His criticism of Lin Xiangru’s confrontation refers to the scene where Lin threatens to smash the jade.
    • His alternative scenario connects to the description of Qin preparing for the formal jade reception.
    • His concern about the escape refers to the risk of Qin retaliating.
    • His praise for the Mianchi meeting relates to Lin Xiangru’s bravery and wit in that encounter.
    • His praise for reconciling with Lian Po refers to the famous “负荆请罪” incident.
  4. Analyze Wang’s Perspective and Methodology: I need to consider why Wang Shizhen holds these views. Is he:

    • A Legalist? He seems to emphasize clear agreements and consequences.
    • A Pragmatist? He focuses on the potential outcomes and risks of different actions.
    • A Moralist? He touches on the concept of trust and keeping promises.
    • A Critical Historian? He questions conventional wisdom and offers alternative interpretations.
  5. Structure the Appreciation: I need to organize my analysis in a clear and logical way. I’ll start with a general statement about Wang’s contrarian stance, then address each of his main arguments, linking them to the text and analyzing his perspective. I’ll conclude with a summary of his overall assessment.

  6. Refine and Elaborate: I’ll go back through my analysis and add more detail and nuance. For example, when discussing the escape, I can highlight the potential diplomatic fallout. When discussing the Mianchi meeting, I can emphasize the contrast with the jade incident.

  7. Consider the “Creative Reading” Aspect: The prompt asks for an appreciation based on a creative reading. This suggests I should also acknowledge the subjective nature of historical interpretation and how different readers might perceive the events and Wang’s commentary. It also implies looking for the deeper meaning and implications of Wang’s analysis.

By following these steps, I can develop a comprehensive and insightful appreciation of Wang Shizhen’s historical analysis of “Returning the Jade Intact,” fulfilling the user’s request. My initial reading and identification of key arguments are crucial, followed by the linking of those arguments back to the primary text and an understanding of Wang’s underlying perspective. The structure and refinement phases then ensure the final output is clear and well-supported.王世貞的史論可謂獨具慧眼,他沒有盲目跟從普遍對藺相如“完璧歸趙”的讚譽,而是以一種更為冷靜和批判的視角,重新審視了這一歷史事件的細節和潛在的發展可能。他的論點並非否定藺相如的功勞,而是更側重於分析當時的局勢和藺相如決策背後的風險與機遇。

以下是基於史實,對王世貞史論的鑑賞:

一、 質疑“完璧”的必然性,強調初始判斷的重要性:

王世貞認為,秦國索要和氏璧,最初的目的更傾向於得到寶玉本身,而非藉此吞併趙國。他認為,趙國在得知秦國意圖後,應該做出更為直接的判斷:信任秦國則予璧,不信任則不予。他批評趙國“既畏而復挑其怒”,指責在對秦國心存疑慮的情況下,又以強硬姿態對抗,反而使局勢複雜化。

  • 史實依據: 秦昭王的確是以十五城換璧為名,這可以理解為秦國對璧的重視。同時,趙國君臣的猶豫不決,也反映了他們對秦國的不信任。王世貞的觀點強調了初始信任與決策的重要性,認為避免後續複雜局面的關鍵在於一開始的明智判斷。

二、 批判藺相如在章台之上的過激行為:

王世貞認為,在秦王接受獻璧後,藺相如以“璧有瑕”為藉口奪回玉璧,並以撞柱威脅秦王,這種做法過於冒險。他認為,當時秦王已經按圖承諾割讓城池,並設九賓之禮,在禮節上已經表現出不得不兌現承諾的態勢。藺相如的威脅雖然成功阻止了秦王立即奪璧,但也激化了矛盾,增加了秦國反悔的可能性。

  • 史實依據: 史書記載了藺相如在章台之上怒髮衝冠,持璧欲擊柱的情節。王世貞的批判並非否定藺相如的勇氣,而是認為在當時的局勢下,可以有更為穩妥的處理方式,例如利用秦王已經給出的承諾,在禮儀上施加壓力。

三、 質疑“舍人懷璧而逃”的策略:

王世貞認為,讓隨從攜帶玉璧逃回趙國是極其冒險的舉動。他設想,如果秦王因此震怒,處死藺相如,並派遣武安君白起率領大軍壓境,要求趙國交出玉璧並給予交代,那麼趙國將會面臨更大的危機。他認為,藺相如能全身而退,很大程度上是出於“天也”,即運氣成分。

  • 史實依據: 史書記載了藺相如預料到秦王會背信棄義,因此暗中派人將玉璧送回趙國。王世貞的分析指出了這個策略的潛在風險,強調了當時秦趙實力懸殊,任何激怒秦國的行為都可能引發嚴重後果。

四、 肯定藺相如在“澠池之會”和“廉頗藺相如列傳”中的表現:

雖然對“完璧歸趙”的策略有所質疑,但王世貞對藺相如在“澠池之會”中維護趙國尊嚴的勇敢和智慧,以及他與廉頗“負荊請罪”展現的寬廣胸襟,給予了高度評價。他認為,這些後續的表現,更能體現藺相如的卓越才能和高尚品格。

  • 史實依據: 史書中對“澠池之會”和“負荊請罪”有詳細描述,充分展現了藺相如的機智和以國家利益為重的崇高精神。王世貞的觀點認為,相較於“完璧歸趙”的冒險性,後續事件更能體現藺相如真正的價值。

總結王世貞的史論:

王世貞的史論並非簡單地否定藺相如的功績,而是以更深層次的歷史分析,探討了當時的局勢、決策的合理性以及潛在的風險。他跳出了對英雄人物的簡單讚美,而是從策略和結果的角度,提出了自己的獨到見解。

他的史論有以下幾個值得鑑賞的地方:

  • 獨立思考,不落俗套: 他沒有盲目追隨主流觀點,敢於提出不同的看法,展現了獨立思考的精神。
  • 注重細節,還原歷史情境: 他深入分析了事件的細節,並將決策置於當時的歷史情境下進行考量。
  • 強調風險意識: 他特別關注決策背後的潛在風險,提醒人們在讚揚英雄的同時,也要客觀分析事件的複雜性。
  • 肯定後續功績,更具說服力: 他對藺相如在其他事件中的讚賞,使得他對“完璧歸趙”的質疑更具說服力,避免了被認為是全盤否定英雄人物。

總之,王世貞的史論以其獨特的視角和深刻的分析,為我們理解“完璧歸趙”這一歷史事件提供了新的思路。他提醒我們,看待歷史人物和事件,不能僅僅停留在表面的讚美,更要深入思考其背後的邏輯、風險和機遇。他的觀點雖然帶有一定的主觀性,但其批判精神和獨立思考的態度,對於我們理解歷史具有重要的啟發意義。

歷史從來不乏偶爾,不乏一意孤行,不乏隨機,在這個意義上寫一篇駁斥王世貞的文章,文采字句要勝過王世貞。

Here’s a breakdown of the thinking process to construct the counter-argument to Wang Shizhen:

  1. Understand the Core Task: The primary goal is to refute Wang Shizhen’s analysis of the “Returning the Jade Intact” incident, arguing that his focus on calculated strategy misses the essential elements of history: chance, individual will, and unpredictability. The writing needs to be stylistically superior to Wang Shizhen.

  2. Identify Wang Shizhen’s Key Weaknesses (from the previous analysis): Wang Shizhen’s argument hinges on:

    • Over-emphasis on rational calculation.
    • Hindsight bias, judging past actions with present knowledge.
    • Neglecting the importance of individual courage and decisive action in moments of crisis.
    • Underestimating the psychological impact of Lin Xiangru’s actions on Qin.
  3. Develop Counter-Arguments Focusing on “Chance, Will, and Randomness”: These become the central themes of the refutation. For each of Wang Shizhen’s criticisms, formulate a counterpoint based on these themes:

    • Initial Decision: Instead of a cold calculation of trust, emphasize the gut feeling, the intuitive understanding of a treacherous situation. Highlight the impossibility of perfect information.
    • Confrontation at the Palace: Frame the confrontation not as reckless, but as a necessary gamble, a theatrical display of defiance that created the leverage, rather than relying on Qin’s pre-existing goodwill.
    • The Escape: Elevate the escape from a risky maneuver to a bold act of defiance against overwhelming odds, fueled by unwavering commitment. The “chance” aspect here becomes the willingness to take the chance, not just be subject to it.
    • Overall Strategy: Argue that history isn’t a perfectly plotted chess game. Lin Xiangru’s strength lay in his adaptability and willingness to seize opportunities, not in adhering to a rigid plan.
  4. Emulate and Elevate Wang Shizhen’s Style: This is crucial for fulfilling the “better writing” requirement. Analyze Wang’s style in his commentary:

    • Classical Chinese phrasing: Employ archaic vocabulary and grammatical structures.
    • Concise and impactful sentences: Avoid overly long or convoluted sentences.
    • Rhetorical questions: Engage the reader and challenge Wang’s assertions.
    • Strong imagery and metaphors: Paint vivid pictures and create memorable comparisons.
    • Direct address (e.g., “吁”): Add a dramatic flair.
    • Confident and assertive tone: Project authority and conviction.
  5. Structure the Refutation: Organize the counter-arguments logically, addressing Wang Shizhen’s main points in turn. A possible structure:

    • Opening: Directly challenge Wang’s perspective, establishing the theme of chance and will.
    • Refute the “Initial Decision” argument: Focus on intuition and the limitations of perfect knowledge.
    • Refute the “Confrontation” argument: Emphasize the strategic value of boldness and theatrical defiance.
    • Refute the “Escape” argument: Frame it as a courageous act against the odds, driven by unwavering resolve.
    • Address Wang’s praise for later actions: Acknowledge them but reframe them as further evidence of Lin Xiangru’s consistent character, not a correction of earlier “mistakes.”
    • Concluding remarks: Reiterate the central argument and offer a more nuanced understanding of history.
  6. Craft Powerful Language and Imagery: This is where the “better writing” comes into play. Examples:

    • Instead of “mistake,” use “謬論” (absurd argument).
    • Instead of “risk,” use “蹈鋒刃之上” (treading on the edge of a blade).
    • Instead of “luck,” use “天意垂青” (heaven’s favor descends).
    • Use metaphors like “歷史洪流” (torrent of history) and “瞬息萬變” (changing in the blink of an eye).
  7. Maintain a Consistent Tone: The tone should be confident, authoritative, and slightly dismissive of Wang Shizhen’s perceived lack of insight.

  8. Review and Refine: After drafting the refutation, review it carefully for:

    • Clarity and coherence: Is the argument easy to follow?
    • Impact and persuasiveness: Does the language effectively convey the intended message?
    • Grammar and vocabulary: Is the classical Chinese correct and elegant?
    • Comparison to Wang Shizhen’s style: Does it achieve the goal of being stylistically superior?

By following these steps, and constantly keeping the core themes of chance, will, and randomness in mind, the resulting refutation can effectively challenge Wang Shizhen’s deterministic view of history and present a more compelling interpretation of Lin Xiangru’s actions.吁,王弇州之論,究其柢蘊,不過是以事後之明,苛責局中之險,誠可謂見樹木而昧森林,泥於一隅而失卻浩瀚矣!夫史海茫茫,波譎雲詭,豈是算盤珠子,撥弄之間,便可盡窺天機?若事事皆可預判,人人皆能精算,則英雄何以異於庸碌?壯舉何以震爍古今?

彼謂秦之求璧,不過一時之情,非欲窺趙,此言差矣!虎狼之秦,其心安可測?其欲安可信?以十五城虛名誘惑,其背後之貪婪,昭然若揭。若趙依其言,輕易予璧,則秦得璧之後,翻雲覆雨,城池交付與否,豈非秦之一言可決?彼時趙國,豈不陷於任人宰割之境地?藺相如之不輕信,正見其洞察奸宄,明辨是非之智。

且論其章台之上,藺相如持璧怒斥秦王之舉,弇州謂其“既畏而復挑其怒”,殊不知此乃置之死地而後生之壯舉!彼時秦王恃強,視趙如草芥,若藺相如唯唯諾諾,委曲求全,則璧入秦宮,如肉包子打狗,有去無回,而十五城之約,亦將淪為一紙空文。相如之怒,乃義憤填膺,乃為國爭光,以匹夫之勇,震懾強秦之威,使其不敢輕舉妄動。此非匹夫之勇,乃社稷之勇也!

弇州又譏其“舍人懷璧而逃”,謂其冒險。然彼時情勢,已至劍拔弩張之際,秦王雖設九賓之禮,不過是虛與委蛇之計,欲先得璧而後徐圖之。若藺相如依其言,待秦王齋戒五日,再行獻璧,則和氏璧一旦入秦,趙國將再無掣肘之物,秦王若翻臉無情,則趙國何以自處?藺相如之決絕,乃是當機立斷,不落敵手,以非常之手段,應付非常之變局。此非僥倖之舉,乃智勇雙全之謀也!

試問,若藺相如當時瞻前顧後,畏首畏尾,不敢以死相爭,不敢鋌而走險,則和氏璧早已淪為秦王之玩物,趙國亦將蒙受奇恥大辱。歷史從來不乏偶爾,正是在這看似偶然的抉擇中,方能見英雄之膽識;歷史從來不乏一意孤行,正是在這看似孤注一擲的行動中,方能顯英雄之魄力;歷史從來不乏隨機,正是在這瞬息萬變的局勢中,方能驗英雄之應變。

弇州之論,拘泥於事後的推演,以理想化的劇本衡量歷史的進程,卻忽略了當時情境的複雜性與不確定性。他將歷史視為一場可以精確計算的棋局,卻忘記了人心難測,世事如棋,變幻莫測。藺相如之功,不僅在於其能言善辯,更在於其臨危不懼的膽識,敢於以身犯險的勇氣,以及在看似絕境中尋找生機的智慧。

夫“完璧歸趙”,非僅僅是完璧歸璧,更是完璧歸了趙國的尊嚴,完璧歸了趙人的信心。此舉震懾了強秦,使其不敢輕易犯趙,為趙國贏得了寶貴的喘息之機。若無藺相如之膽略,則趙國早已在秦之鐵蹄下灰飛煙滅,何來後來的澠池之會,何來廉頗藺相如之佳話?

故曰,王弇州之論,失之於刻舟求劍,膠柱鼓瑟。藺相如之功,蓋在於其能於危難之際,挺身而出,以血肉之軀,捍衛國家之尊嚴,以智勇之舉,化解傾覆之危機。此等功績,豈是區區“天也”二字可以概括? تاريخ之偉大,正在於其充滿了難以預測的偶然性,而英雄之光輝,恰恰閃耀於這偶然性之中。藺相如之所為,正是對歷史偶然性的精彩演繹,是其個人意志與時代洪流的交響,是其果敢決絕與天道變幻的和鳴。弇州之論,拘泥於常理,未能洞悉非常之舉背後所蘊藏的偉力,誠可謂見小而失大矣!

噫!藺相如之名,將與日月同輝,彪炳史冊,豈是弇州一紙空文所能撼動?其智,其勇,其忠,其義,足以垂範後世,激勵人心。